Various Perspectives on Free Will Essay - 3181 Words

Free will defines the role we play in our own lives. Whether we have it or not maybe the key in linking our world to forces and dimensions beyond what we can see. But, if we do really have free will, it may leave us a solitary species. A scary thought in the realm of the 46 billion lightyear universe in which we are left to make choices on our tiny speck of dirt planet. Defined by Timothy O’Conner in The Stanford Encyclopedia free will is â€Å"a philosophical term of art for a particular sort of capacity of rational agents to choose a course of action from among various alternatives.† O’Conner suggests that the freedom of will is associated with rationality. From this, the question becomes, where does rationality originate? The originator,†¦show more content†¦However, determinism has received criticism because it lacks a role for beings to play a part in their own lives. Appealing to those who believe in the ability of one to make free choices, indeterminism is a concept that opposes the notion of any external determining factors. Evidence for indeterminism comes from principles of existentialism, theories of chaos and randomness. The indeterminist belief that we do have free will and it is absolute, resonates in the work of philosopher John Paul Sartre. In his 1946 lecture, Sartre presented his distinguishing idea of â€Å"Existence precedes essence.† This leading existentialist argument supports an indeterminist perspective on the freedom of will. He elaborates on his principle saying, â€Å"Man first of all exists†¦ and defines himself afterwards...Man simply is.. Not that he is simply what he conceives himself to be, but he is what he wills†¦ after already existing.† We are born a clean slate, without plans or any preset ideas, from there our choices, based off our will, create who we are. In terms of a free will extent s cale, Sartre’s philosophy lies at a 10, believing that choices are made solely by man himself. Those choices define who the individual is, evident in his claim, â€Å"Man is nothing else but that which he makes of himself.† Therefore, the freedom of choice is all an individual is, and is a necessary aspect of being. Sartre criticizes determinism as anShow MoreRelatedAccounting and the Development of Society1495 Words   |  6 Pagesfrom a social rather than economic perspective. In this case, the society emanates from the established relationships by individuals in order to coexist with each other. Generally, a society is classified into various aspects i.e. political, social, economic, and organizational arenas. The proper functioning of the society requires effective communication between these distinct arenas. One of the major factors that help in facilitating communication between the various segments of the society is accountingRead MoreStrengths and Weaknesses o f Neorealism, Neoliberalism and Constructivism1390 Words   |  6 Pagesand establishment of different countries and their government setups have lead to the formulation of various theories and ideas by renowned thinkers and researchers, constituting under the International Relations domain. International Relations or IR for short, focuses on the relations between the countries of the world and how those relationship is handled from the diplomatic and military perspective. This handling of relationship under IR is further divided into three main theories, Neorealism, NeoliberalismRead MoreA Free-Trade Agreement Between the US and Europe1517 Words   |  7 PagesGlobal Perspectives a) Sino-Russian China and Russia are major trading partners specifically in areas like capital, resources, technology and manpower.They are aiming to increase bilateral trade between them; however with the economic downturn they might face some challenges in doing so. b) Chile and Argentina Argentina is one of the top vegetable oil producers in the world-due to low domestic consumption and high productivity- with Chile as a main buyer. After a tariff reclassification in 1999Read MoreAnalysis Of Do You Have Free Will By John Tierney709 Words   |  3 Pagesâ€Å"Do You Have Free Will? Yes, It’s the Only Choice,† explores the notion of free will and exhibits how belief or disbelief in free will affects an individual’s life. 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That our choices are ultimately affected by the situations around us that lead to choice we make. When viewing perspective we can decided that ultimately what around can shape us to do good or bad. This question ultimately leads us to an overwhelming question when it comes to the freedom we have in life andRead MoreProstitution : A Feminist Perspective1655 Words   |  7 Pagesprostitution in the American society. Laurie Shrage is a radical feminist who explains that prostitution degrades females in various forms; for example, female prostitutes are in many cases assaulted by th eir male clients (Hubbard, 2012). Other notable feminists who have discourage prostitution activities are Kethleen Barry, Laura Lederer, and Julie Bindel. The Breaking Free organization is located in Minnesota. 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Administering, Implementing, And Providing Treatment Under...

administering, implementing, and providing treatment under such a multi-structured system can be complicated. The authors examine a treatment provider, who operates multiple facilities on the West Coast. This provider annually serves clients suffering from alcohol and drug addiction. About a third of their clients are residential, the remaining clients are outpatient. In addition, this provider offers services 24 hours a day, 7 days a week for chronically addicted individuals. Like other substance abuse programs, they are striving to meet policymakers and regulators’ specifications for evidence-based practices and making admissions decisions based on state required criteria centered on a continuum of care, mandated treatment, and ability to pay. Substance abuse programs cooperate and contend with a remarkable number and variety of stakeholder organizations, institutions, and individuals. They invest substantial resources in building and maintaining effective collaborations wit h stakeholders and work with many facets of the community to meet treatment needs while complying with regulations, ordinances, and payer requirements. This provider must cater to regulators’ demands for bookkeeping, reports, and certifications. Management and staff work together to build linkages with the local drug court, cultivate relationships with local senators and representatives, foster collaboration with the local police department, and partner with theShow MoreRelatedNebosh Paper 1 Q a8538 Words   |  35 Pagesof monitoring as part of a health and safety management system (Sept 2008) (6) (b) Identify the (i) active (proactive), and (ii) reactive measures by which an organization can monitor its health and safety performance. (5) (5) (c) Explain why monitoring reports should be submitted to the chief executive or managing director of the organization. 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Balance Sheet and Times Better Ratio free essay sample

Calculate the current ratio for each company. Then, based only on the current ratio answer the following: Which company is more likely to get the loan? Why? Now, calculate the acid-test ratio and see if this changes your opinion. The acid-test ratio is similar to the current ratio, however it does not include the value of the firms inventory. Because inventory is often difficult to sell, this ratio is considered an even more reliable measure of a businesss ability to pay loans than the current ratio. 2. Calculate the acid-test ratio for each business. Then discuss whether this additional calculation confirms your previous decision (that was based only on the current ratio) or if you would change your decision. Be specific The current ratios for the two companies are: Potz and Pans was 5. And the acid-test ratio was 1. 66 Wanna Bees was 1. 76 and acid-test ratio was 0. 294 The Potz and Pans Company are likely to get the loan because it has a 5 times better ratio of being able to pay. We will write a custom essay sample on Balance Sheet and Times Better Ratio or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page WannaBees would not get the loan because; they don’t have enough liquid assets to cover short terms debt. I would not change my original decision about who I would give the loan to; WannaBees would be considered a high risk in Current ratio and Acid-test ratio. Because they have no Liquidity, no liquid assets that can be quickly turned into cash.

International Business Transactions and Strategies

Introduction International business involves business transactions taking place across national boundaries. The business involves large and small firms, as well as those with strategic alliances within the global market. However, there are several distinctions made depending on the nature of strategies applied by firms based on organizational and functional decisions comprising of financial, administrative, marketing, human resource management and operational decisions (World Trade Organization, 2009).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on International Business Transactions and Strategies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Liberalization of both trade and investment has contributed towards growth and development of international business within the last few decades. International business differs from domestic enterprises based on across borders strategies and systems of operations. These include unique government syste ms, taxes and duties, foreign currencies as well as different cultures amongst other systems (Allen and Raynor, 2004). International business can be valued based on comparative advantage of various countries. Such aspects consider the fact that each nation specializes in production of some unique goods and services based on presence and abundance of factors of production (Allen and Raynor, 2004). At the same time, firms are differentiated in terms of kind of resources available for utilization which guarantees them competitive advantage based on quality of products and services offered. Changes within resource needs, product life cycles and domestic markets create some need within firms to invest in international markets. Outline explanation of the chosen international organization Levendary Cafà © comprises of a chain of 3500 cafes including Denver soup, salad and sandwich restaurants. The Cafà © operations were managed by Mia Foster serving at the capacity of being the new CEO. The company’s fundamentals are recognized as having stronger basis and, at the same time, performance based on objective management forecasts. Additionally, the company boasts of strong international brand despite being tapped out of domestic market. The restaurant entered the Chinese market with unique changes in their marketing strategies such as using different design of stores and menus for the purposes of appealing to local consumers. Levendary Cafà © is famous for its wholesome soups, salads, and sandwiches made of high-quality ingredients. The cafà © has numerous operational centers within the United States with headquarters in Denver. These locations are characterized by comfortable and friendly environment. The company recruits highly skilled and professional staff and at the same time operates under attractive tagline and brand image which identifies the restaurant’s food the one that makes people feel rich. Description of the global business environment th e company operates considering the industry, main competitors, and the biggest challengesAdvertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Competitive environments usually vary from country to country based on economic, political and cultural dimensions. Level of competition existing between firms in international markets varies depending on the country of operation (Bartlett and Ghoshal, 1987). Good example can be derived from the scenario between two countries i.e. the US and China, whereby owners of a majority businesses in the US are private companies hence competition only arises within the private sector. This is contrary to business operations within People’s Republic of China where businesses were owned by the state hence making it difficult for multinational companies from the United States to compete favorably within Chinese market. Chinese market provides potential base for business operations based on the population density. The country seems ripe for investment firms with the rising urban middle-class population. Chinese food services industry experiences growth due to increase in the number of women professional workforce and increasing trend of eating out. However, the interest of the majority of population inclines towards their cultural beliefs making consumers more attracted to restaurants serving Asian food at affordable prices (Kogut and Singh, 1988). At the same time, Chinese consumers consume less diary products demanding that any foreign based restaurant such as Levendary should reduce supply of diary related products. This is contrary to the United States market where majority prefer diary products such as cheese soup. Company’s major challenge revolves around low returns, competition from a wide variety of regional food suppliers, such as local restaurants. Major competitors within Chinese market include KFC which is considered as most successful foreign fast food restaurant in the Chinese market, because KFC entered the market through joint venture partnership which enabled them to adopt local management styles as well as become appealing to local consumers. The other foreign competitor is McDonalds who penetrated the Chinese market through its unique menus, as well as affordable prices affordable for younger generation. There is also Pizza Hut, operating in Chinese market through utilization of its uniqueness in satisfying the needs within high-end casual dining restaurants. Competition within the US food service industry comprises of various privately owned restaurants offering various food categories with services based on time, nature of dinning offered either casual or table dinning services.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on International Business Transactions and Strategies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, restaurant and c ontract food service industry is known to be very lucrative within international market depending on locations. The sector operates in over 9000 locations within the United States. At the same time, the industry is characterized by high level fragmentations amongst multi-unit restaurant concepts and also involves presence of independent operators and major operators such as McDonald’s and Starbucks. According to analysis from the case study, Chinese taste is satisfied through Quick Casual categories of restaurants comprising of concepts such as Panda Express. Despite all these, Levendary cafà © planned to operate more wholesome choices compared to other Quick service concepts. The industry’s cost structure appears to be relatively simple and sub-divided into occupancy, labor, food and supply costs that appear conducive within international market. Describe the organizational structure of the company Lavendary Cafà © operates based on complex organizational structure with headquarters in the United States. Various activities are represented within the organizational structure, with the structure comprising of Chief Concept Officer (CCO) assisting in the process of ensuring that the restaurant maintains top United States market concept. The CCO ensures that food is developed to cater for various needs within different target markets and also focuses on satisfying upcoming trends through application of right market strategies such as upgrading food taste (Ghoshal and Bartlett, 1995). Marketing department reports to CCO, and are majorly involved in publicity of company’s outlets and franchise stores, this enables adequate creation of awareness amongst consumers. Management team ensures proper running and planning within company’s premises which includes placement of menu boards, table tents as well as banners. Marketing team also indulges determination of pricing mechanisms (Kostova, 1999). The various pricing mechanisms which can be used by the company include; international, geographical and psychological pricing. International pricing is where different prices are charged on same goods depending on region and nature of environment of operation. Such decisions are made based on various factors such as country’s economic conditions, marketing objectives and also consumer perceptions. Geographical pricing involves pricing goods and services based on geographical zones and Psychology pricing where consumers’ rate quality based on prices attached on goods and services provided. Then there is also department comprising of fully scaled test kitchen and food science laboratory working under CCO. The food team is responsible for conducting various quality checks within all Levendary cafes ensuring food tastes change in accordance with cultural beliefs of the target market segment. Then there are store managers reporting to district managers manning operations within various regions, these managers report to area directors which ultimately operated under market vice presidents (Ghoshal and Bartlett, 1995).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The company’s organization structure ensures that strict operational standards, policies and practices are maintained. The same organization structure comprises of Chief Franchise Officer undertaking the responsibility of supervising franchised Levendary’s stores. Business development team ensures that right strategies are applied within international expansion processes and also endowed with responsibility of undertaking research licensing within new markets (Pothukuchi et al., 2002). Explanation on various impacts of culture on business’s activities around the world From international business perspective, cultural environment comprises critical aspects with significant impact on market environments. This is since culture comprises of commonly held general beliefs and values amongst different groups of people within one nation. Various models tend to explain impact of cultural values on businesses, these include individual dimension, degree of response towards risks, issues based on gender, as well as power dimensions. Nations enforce different individual values on citizens influencing their choice of goods. Response towards risks describes the degree of acceptance on uncertainties associated with introduction of new products within the country. Power distance refers to the level to which a nation uses its power to manipulate and control business operations. Issues on gender revolve around respect for both male and female traditional values. Such models have proved necessary in the process of exploring management approaches appropriate for different cultures (London and Hart, 2004). The company’s culture focuses on delighting consumers with their products and services. This was translated and incorporated within their local menus found in urban, suburban, as well as rural set-ups across all company branches. However, this is contrary to other multi-nationals such as McDonalds where one menu is created for entire company branches. Various social and cultural practices within Eastern Europe and China seem to be quite different from that of Americans, original Levendary Cafà ©. Such differences usually affect level of sales within some regions. Major differences exist in religion and social lifestyles which affect demand levels of restaurant products and services since they dictate consumer buying patterns (Pothukuchi et al., 2002). Some of the common cultural beliefs may, at some point, determine the branding nature of most companies based on the need to identify with consumers within target market. For example, market existing in Eastern Europe is usually known for diversified attitude towards food and beverage products from other regions, especially coffee products. At the same time, marketing team from any multinational company needs to deal with issues surrounding language barrier. This is since effective communication is the key to successful marketing and sale of products (Pothukuchi et al., 2002). Ther e is need for Multinationals to consider granting natives of any market segment employment opportunities for the purposes of identifying and easily complying with native’s cultures. Such circumstances require complete change and approach within communication channels whereby products are ultimately linked to prevailing culture within various markets. Operations management and marketing teams require strategies capable of dealing with cultural gaps within countries such as China since this ensures adequate penetration of foreign firms (Furrer et al., 2008). Varied cultural perceptions on western products within Asian and Far-East countries determine demand and level of sales. In some instances, they shy away from western products due to fear of alienation by western tastes, religion and ethnicity. Highly populated regions like those of Eastern Asia present good market base for international products and services. Overall, sales are often affected by frequent political instabil ity within such regions. However, US regions anticipate high urban population due to industrialization which has led to increase in consumer demands for products and services. At the same time, various regions within Eastern Europe experience constant changes within their legal systems hence may adopt the kind of marketing strategies applicable in the United States. In some regions, media content are screened before releasing to consumers (Rowley, 2010). Countries such as China operate under some forms of media restrictions since they have to conform to religious beliefs and cultural creativity. Kind of legal structures enforced determines consumers’ responses within domestic market segments (Kogut and Singh, 1988). Another company that tries to employ strategic entrepreneurship is McDonald’s, a renowned firm in its industry that tries to employ global management, but acts significantly under the local context (McDonald’s, 2010). McDonald’s is an internat ional food chain that has thousands of outlets across the globe. This company provides products and services depending on consumer needs hence providing products that have considerable diversification in order to establish brand name, and at the same time, cater for prevailing cultural needs when it comes to supplying foodstuff across regions. For instance, McDonald’s in India does not serve beef even if in its other outlets outside the country, since it has become its primary fast-moving product. This means that the firm eventually tries to seek the opportunity to cater for international market through trying to act within local domains (McDonald’s, 2010). The company avoids undergoing certain moves capable of centralizing its production processes since there are many factors to be considered beforehand. These include culture and other relevant heritage associated with the existence of a prevailing culture within the society. Operations within various market environme nts based on geographical set-up, population and other potential measures require much consideration. East European nations usually uphold principles of bureaucracy making it difficult for foreign multinationals to make significant penetration. This is since these nations are cautious of any form of colonization from any western nation through their business operations. Additionally, manufacturers require elaborate considerations on marketing principles capable of capturing customers. Despite threats posed to multinationals, there is need to invest in substantial marketing processes through application of modern and available technology within such interior regions. At the same time, uniqueness of products and services offered by the Company acts as the best source of convincing power that can be utilized to attract consumers to company’s brand (London and Hart, 2004). There is a necessity to use different strategy approaches within various regional markets. Similar strategie s can only work in cases where destination markets share closely some cultural relations with countries of origin. In such cases, same management values and corporate cultures are applicable. Products and services offered in Eastern Asia countries should have different tastes from those supplied in European countries. This prevents cases of incurring huge losses where management utilizes the use of similar strategies. Multinationals should encourage marketing strategies appropriate in these countries where majority of those within management team are employed from target destinations (Alden et al., 1999). Identify the key management issues the chosen organization faces The company faces the challenge of balancing between strategic management and competitive advantage. It is evident from the case study that strategic management would always lead to competitive advantage (Rumelt et al., 1991). However, whether or not the concerned competitive advantage is sustainable, there are releva nt proofs that are necessary in order to justify the claim that there is no such existence of sustainable competitive advantage because of the frequent presence of innovation (Bartlett and Ghoshal, 1987). The competitive advantage of Levendary Cafà © in the first place compares to other key players within the same industry based on brand name. However, their brand is unique, and one of its kind. The company’s strategic moves may not be that unique at all considering the fact that there are many key players trying to imitate what it has already built. Aside from the fact that this firm establishes its name in the international context, it has the ability to promote the idea of trying to serve its target customers with the product they deserve under the local context. For this reason, this firm has the chance to serve its customers with appropriate product service offerings that they need and deserve. Conclusion Global marketing at some point involves inclusion of Internationa l joint ventures which act as potential guides for foreign firms within local markets. This enables foreign companies to find easy access to local customers. In addition, the firm’s image receives some uplift as many consumers require assurance of their local firms before associating with any foreign products. At times, it is referred to as third-party endorsement. There are other ways in which foreign firms can access resources from destined markets. These include: getting a license, signing contracts, forming alliances amongst application of other market strategies. Joint ventures are mainly preferred because they perform better than privately owned multinational firms. References Alden, D., Steenkamp, M., Batra, R., (1999). Brand positioning through advertising in Asia, North America and Europe: The role of global consumer culture. Journal of Marketing, (63): 75-87. Allen, D Raynor, M. (2004). Preparing for a New Global Business Environment: Divided and Disorderly or Int egrated and Harmonious? Journal of Business Strategy, 5 (25): 16–25. Bartlett, C. Ghoshal, S.(1987). Managing across borders: New organizational responses. MIT Sloan Management Review, 1 (29): 43-54. Furrer, O., Tomas, H. Goussevskaia, A. (2008). The structure and evolution of the strategic management field: A content analysis of 26 years of strategic management research. International Journal of Management Reviews, 1 (10):1-23. Ghoshal, S. Bartlett, C. (1995). Changing the role of Top management: Beyond structure to processes. Harvard Business Review, 1 (73): 86-96. Kogut, B. Singh, H. (1988). The effect of national culture on the choice of entry mode.  Journal of International Business Studies, 3(9): 411-432. Kostova, T. (1999).Transnational transfer of strategic organizational practices: A contextual perspective. Academy of Management Review, 2 (24):308-324. London, T, Hart S.L. (2004). Reinventing Strategies for Emerging Markets: Beyond the Transnational Model. Jou rnal of International Business Studies, 5 (35): 350–370. McDonald’s. (2010). Company Information. Web. Pothukuchi, V, Damanpour, F, Choi, J, Chen, C Park, H. (2002). National and organizational culture differences and international joint venture performance. Journal of International Business Studies, 2 (33): 243–265. Rowley, M. (2010). How nonprofits are using social media for real results. Web. Rumelt, R, Schendel, D, Teece, D. (1991). Strategic management and economics.  Strategic Management Journal, 1(12): 5-29. World Trade Organization. (2009). â€Å"Trade and Investment Statisticsâ€Å". Web. This essay on International Business Transactions and Strategies was written and submitted by user Arianna Richards to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.